Good nutrition clearly supports a pregnancy. In contrast, malnutrition interferes with the ability to conceive, the likelyhood of implantation, and the subsequent development of a fetus should conception and implantation occur.
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Malnutrition and Fertility: The nutrition habits and lifestyle choices people make can influence the course of a pregnancy they are not even planning at the time. Severe malnutrition and food deprivation can reduce fertility because women may develop amenorrhea(the temporary or permanent absence of menstrual periods), and men may be unable to produce viable sperm. Furthermore, both men and women loss sexual interestduring times of starvation. Starvation arises predictably during famines, wars, and droughts, but it can also occur amidst peace and plenty. Many young women who diet excessively are starving and suffering from malnutrition.
Malnutrition and early pregnancy: If a malnourished woman does become pregnant, she faces the challenge of supporting both growth of the baby and her own health with inadequate nutrient stores. Malnutrition prior to around conception prevents the placenta from growing fully. A poorly developed placenta cannot deliver optimum nourishment to the fetus, and the infant will be born small and possibly with physical and cognitive abnormalities. If this small infant is a female, she may develop poorly and have an elevated risk of developing a chronic condition that could impair her ability to give birth to a healthy infant. Thus a woman's malnutrition can adversely affect not only her children but her grandchildren.
Malnutrition and fetal development: Without adequate nutrition during pregnancy, fetal growth and infant health are compromised. In general, consequences of malnutrition during pregnancy include fetal growth retardation, congenital malformation(birth defects), spontaneous abortion and stillbirth, preterm birth, and low infant birthweight. Preterm birth and low infant birthweight, in turn, predict the risk of stillbirth in a subsequent pregnancy. Malnutrition, coupled with low birthweight, is a factor in more than half of all deaths of children under four years of age worldwide.
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