HIGH-RISK PREGNANCY: THE INFANT'S BIRTHWEIGHT

The Infant's birthweight

    A high-risk pregnancy is likely to produce an infant with low birthweight. Low-birthweight infants, defined as infants who weigh 5.5 pounds or less, are classified according to their gestational age. Preterm infants are born before they are fully developed; they are often under underweight and have problem breathing because their lungs are immature. Preterm infants may be small, but if their size and weight are appropriate for their age , they can catch up in growth given adequate nutrition support. In contrast, small-for-gestational-age infants have suffered growth failure in the uterus and do not catch up as well. For the most part, survival improve with increased gestational age and birthweight. 

     Low-birthweight infants are more likely to experience complications during delivery than normal-weight babies. They also have a statistically greater chance of having physical and mental birth defects, contracting diseases, and dying early in life. Of infants who die before their first birthdays, about two-thirds are were low-birthweight newborns. Very-low-birthweight infants (3 and 1/2 pounds or less) struggle not only for their immediate physical health and survival, but for their future cognitive development and abilities as well. 

     A strong relationship is evident between socioeconomic disadvantage and low birthweight. Low socioeconomic status impairs fetal development by causing stress and by limiting access to medical care and to nutritious foods. Low socioeconomic status often accompanies teen pregnancies, smoking,and alcohol,and drug abuse are all predictors of low birthweight.

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